在(zai)全(quan)球氣候治理格局深(shen)度(du)重構的(de)背景下(xia)，“綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”作為破解(jie)能源轉型與碳關(guan)稅(shui)壁壘雙(shuang)重挑戰的(de)制度(du)創(chuang)新，逐漸進入人(ren)們的(de)視野。國(guo)家(jia)發展改革委、國(guo)家(jia)能源局印發《關(guan)于有序(xu)推動(dong)綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)發展有關(guan)事項的(de)通知(zhi)》（以下(xia)簡稱《通知(zhi)》）開展綠(lv)電(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)試點項目，旨(zhi)在(zai)提(ti)升清潔能源利(li)用效率、提(ti)升綠(lv)電(dian)的(de)物(wu)理屬性，這種創(chuang)新模(mo)式將綠(lv)電(dian)消費在(zai)時(shi)間精(jing)度(du)和發用電(dian)位(wei)置上的(de)顆粒度(du)進一步提(ti)升，為全(quan)國(guo)新能源產業的(de)發展提(ti)供了有益的(de)探索(suo)和借鑒。

從國際視角來(lai)看，根據(ju)歐盟去年4月公布的(de)《新電(dian)(dian)池法案》下(xia)的(de)碳足跡計算規(gui)則草案及各國對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)力直連(lian)(lian)的(de)概念，“連(lian)(lian)接(jie)獨立發電(dian)(dian)站點與(yu)獨立用戶(hu)之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)力線(xian)路，或連(lian)(lian)接(jie)發電(dian)(dian)企業與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力供應商直接(jie)為其自有場所、子(zi)公司及客戶(hu)供電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力線(xian)路”，“綠電(dian)(dian)直連(lian)(lian)”應是通過“拉(la)專線(xian)”的(de)方式連(lian)(lian)接(jie)新能源電(dian)(dian)站與(yu)用戶(hu)。有意思的(de)是，在歐盟(meng)各國實踐中并未切斷(duan)與(yu)大電(dian)(dian)網的(de)聯(lian)系(xi)，根據(ju)美國國際開(kai)發署(shu)（USAID）統(tong)計，在歐盟已(yi)經展開綠電直連(lian)實踐的國(guo)家中，拉脫維亞直連(lian)線路(lu)的用(yong)戶有權保持與系統(tong)的永(yong)久連(lian)接(jie)(jie)作為(wei)(wei)備用(yong)，或者在用(yong)戶沒有安(an)(an)裝永(yong)久連(lian)接(jie)(jie)的情況下，要求系統(tong)運(yun)營商安(an)(an)裝備用(yong)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)。波蘭政府認為(wei)(wei)，將“直連(lian)線路(lu)”的定義狹隘地理(li)解為(wei)(wei)在孤(gu)島(dao)系統(tong)內(nei)運(yun)行(xing)，違(wei)反了歐盟指令。

中國(guo)方案展(zhan)現(xian)出顯著的系(xi)統性優(you)勢。一是制(zhi)度創新：構(gou)建(jian)與國際規則兼容的本土(tu)化(hua)框架(jia)。在我(wo)國目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統中（不含分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直(zhi)接供(gong)(gong)應），幾乎(hu)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)都是先(xian)連(lian)(lian)接到輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)再通(tong)過(guo)(guo)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輸送給用戶，不同類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)上網(wang)(wang)(wang)后受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣規律和基爾(er)霍夫(fu)定律等影響，各(ge)種類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)“眾(zhong)流歸源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”一(yi)樣混淆在一(yi)起(qi)，用戶無法明(ming)確(que)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)由哪個發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠提供(gong)(gong)，也無法分(fen)(fen)辨用戶在某一(yi)瞬間使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)屬于哪種類(lei)型(xing)。用戶與發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并(bing)不存在物理(li)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)生產消費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“可(ke)追溯”，“漂綠”帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)問題，引發(fa)諸多(duo)爭(zheng)議。《通(tong)知》首次明(ming)確(que)了(le)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義(yi)，“指風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、生物質發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不直(zhi)接接入(ru)(ru)公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)線(xian)路向單一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)用戶供(gong)(gong)給綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)實現供(gong)(gong)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)清(qing)晰物理(li)溯源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模式”。同時按照負荷是否接入(ru)(ru)公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)(fen)為并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)和離網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)兩類(lei)。并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)型(xing)項目作(zuo)為整體接入(ru)(ru)公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，與公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)形成清(qing)晰的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理(li)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)面與責任(ren)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應接入(ru)(ru)用戶和公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)產權分(fen)(fen)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用戶側。這一(yi)制度設計既回應了(le)歐盟(meng)對綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強制要求，也創新性地界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)定了(le)“安全責任(ren)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)面”，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)產權分(fen)(fen)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理(li)切(qie)割的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，創造了(le)“物理(li)隔(ge)離+市(shi)場聯通(tong)(tong)”的雙軌(gui)機制(zhi)，既保障了公共電網安全(quan)穩(wen)定運行(xing)，又賦予市(shi)場主體更大的自(zi)主權，將電力(li)從“通(tong)(tong)用商品(pin)”升級為“低碳通(tong)(tong)行(xing)證”。

二是回歸了分布(bu)式光伏發電的初(chu)心和本源。長久以來，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)沒有參與現貨的結算，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)簽約雙方(fang)也沒有在(zai)合同(tong)(tong)中約定(ding)結算參考(kao)點及平衡責(ze)任(ren)承擔方(fang)等內容，綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)合同(tong)(tong)對應的發電(dian)及用戶均未承擔相(xiang)關責(ze)任(ren)。《通知》突破傳(chuan)統綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)交(jiao)易“證書(shu)虛擬交(jiao)割”模式(shi)，首創“物理直連+市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)(jie)算”雙輪驅動，并(bing)網(wang)型項目應(ying)按照(zhao)“以(yi)荷定源(yuan)”，現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)連續(xu)運行地(di)(di)區(qu)可采取整體(ti)自發自用(yong)為主，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)網(wang)為輔(fu)的(de)模式(shi)；現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)未(wei)連續(xu)運行地(di)(di)區(qu)，不允許向公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)反送。同時，在交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)方(fang)面，并(bing)網(wang)型綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直連項目享平(ping)等的(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)位，按照(zhao)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)注冊基(ji)本規(gui)則(ze)》進行注冊，原則(ze)上(shang)應(ying)作為整體(ti)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)，根據市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)結(jie)(jie)果安排生產，并(bing)按照(zhao)與公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)換功率(lv)進行結(jie)(jie)算。項目負荷不得(de)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業代理購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。《通知(zhi)》為源(yuan)網(wang)荷儲(chu)參與市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)開(kai)辟了(le)(le)新(xin)路徑，這既(ji)落實了(le)(le)《分布式(shi)光伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)發建設管理辦法》的(de)改(gai)革(ge)要(yao)求，又實現了(le)(le)《關于深化新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化改(gai)革(ge) 促進新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)高質量發展的(de)通知(zhi)》中新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量原則(ze)上(shang)全部進入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)政策目標。

三是加(jia)強組(zu)織保障、創新發(fa)展模(mo)式。風能(neng)、太陽能(neng)等(deng)間(jian)歇性(xing)能(neng)源，給“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連”用戶(hu)(hu)的連續性(xing)和穩定性(xing)帶來挑戰。《通(tong)知(zhi)》要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，并網(wang)型(xing)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連項(xiang)目(mu)應通(tong)過合(he)理(li)配置儲能(neng)、挖掘負(fu)荷靈(ling)活調(diao)節潛力(li)(li)等(deng)方(fang)式(shi)，充分提升(sheng)項(xiang)目(mu)靈(ling)活性(xing)調(diao)節能(neng)力(li)(li)，盡可能(neng)減(jian)少系統(tong)調(diao)節壓(ya)力(li)(li)。《通(tong)知(zhi)》明確，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)連項(xiang)目(mu)原則上(shang)由(you)負(fu)荷作為主責單(dan)位。項(xiang)目(mu)電(dian)(dian)源可由(you)負(fu)荷投(tou)資，直(zhi)連專線原則上(shang)應由(you)負(fu)荷、電(dian)(dian)源主體投(tou)資。為破解新能(neng)源波動性(xing)與工業連續生產(chan)的矛盾，《通(tong)知(zhi)》一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)直(zhi)連項(xiang)目(mu)投(tou)資者承擔(dan)專線建設(she)成本，通(tong)過收益與成本的市場化平衡(heng)激發投(tou)資活力(li)(li)；另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，明確鼓勵用戶(hu)(hu)提升(sheng)系統(tong)友好性(xing)，避免因(yin)“搭便車”導致公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)負(fu)擔(dan)轉嫁(jia)。為保(bao)證系統(tong)安全，《通(tong)知(zhi)》進(jin)行(xing)了(le)相關(guan)規范，進(jin)一(yi)步細化上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)量比例、退出(chu)機制(zhi)等(deng)具體要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，引導項(xiang)目(mu)科(ke)學合(he)理(li)評估需求(qiu)(qiu)，避免出(chu)現實際(ji)運行(xing)與設(she)計方(fang)案(an)出(chu)現較(jiao)大偏(pian)差、新能(neng)源消納不及(ji)預期等(deng)情況。

“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”雖然(ran)(ran)(ran)是能(neng)(neng)源領域的(de)(de)(de)創新之舉，具(ju)有廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展前景，但用戶不(bu)僅要承擔建設成(cheng)(cheng)本，還要面臨市場(chang)(chang)交易與收益的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)確定性(xing)(xing)，綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)在推進過程中面臨著安全、經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)、技術等多(duo)重風險。必須要看到，電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)本身就是最大的(de)(de)(de)網源荷儲系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)小系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，在可靠性(xing)(xing)相同的(de)(de)(de)前提下(xia)，必然(ran)(ran)(ran)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)低于(yu)大系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，因此(ci)減(jian)少對(dui)于(yu)大系(xi)(xi)統(tong)依賴、自由選(xuan)擇可靠性(xing)(xing)是小系(xi)(xi)統(tong)獲(huo)得相對(dui)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)(ran)(ran)選(xuan)擇。《通知》不(bu)失為(wei)一次迎難而上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)試水，以(yi)“綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)連(lian)”試點(dian)為(wei)契機，凝聚政府、企業和科研機構等各方(fang)合力，加大技術研發(fa)投入，完(wan)善(shan)市場(chang)(chang)機制和監管體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，為(wei)清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)高效利用開辟新道(dao)路。（華能(neng)(neng)集團能(neng)(neng)源研究院副院長(chang) 陳(chen)大宇）